The Bobcat (Lynx rufus) is a North American mammal of the cat family,
Felidae. With twelve recognized subspecies,
it ranges from southern Canada to northern Mexico,
including most of the continental United States.
The Bobcat is an adaptable predator that inhabits wooded areas,
as well as semi-desert, urban edge, forest edges and swampland environments.
It persists in much of its original range and populations are healthy.
With a gray to brown coat, whiskered face, and black-tufted ears,
the Bobcat resembles the other species of the mid-sized Lynx genus.
It is smaller than the Canadian Lynx, with which it shares parts of its range,
but is about twice as large as the domestic cat.
It has distinctive black bars on its forelegs and a black-tipped,
stubby tail, from which it derives its name.
Contents
1 Taxonomy
1.1 Subspecies
-
- 2 Physical characteristics
- 3 Behavior
- 3.1 Social structure and home range
- 4 Tracks
- 5 Ecology
- 6 Distribution and habitat
- 7 Conservation
- 8 In mythology
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
- TaxonomyThere had been debate over whether to classify this species
as Lynx rufus or Felis rufus as part of a wider issue regarding whether
the four species of Lynx should be given their own genus,
or be placed as a subgenus of Felis.
The Lynx genus is now accepted, and the Bobcat is listed as
Lynx rufus in modern taxonomic sources.
Johnson et al. report that Lynx shared a clade with the Puma,
Leopard Cat (Prionailurus), and Domestic Cat (Felis) lineages
, dated to 7.15 million years ago (mya); Lynx diverged first, approximately 3.24 mya.
Must See!
[ Wild Animals have feelings too ]
Subspecies
Twelve Bobcat subspecies are currently recognized:
- L. rufus rufus (Schreber) – eastern and midwestern United States
- L. rufus gigas (Bangs) – northern New York to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
- L. rufus floridanus (Rafinesque) – southeastern United States and
- inland to the Mississippi valley, up to southwestern Missouri and southern Illinois
- L. rufus superiorensis (Peterson & Downing) – western Great Lakes area,
- including upper Michigan, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, and most of
- Minnesota
The Bobcat resembles other species of the Lynx genus
A Bobcat finds water in Tucson.
but is on average the smallest of the four.
Its coat is variable, though generally tan to grayish brown,
with black streaks on the body and dark bars on the forelegs
and tail. Its spotted patterning acts as camouflage.
The ears are black-tipped and pointed, with short black tufts.
There is generally an off-white color on the lips, chin, and underparts.
Bobcats in the desert regions of the southwest have the lightest colored coats,
while those in the northern, forested regions are darkest.
Kettens are born well-furred and already have their spots
A few melanistic Bobcats have been sighted and captured in Florida. They appear black, but may actually still exhibit a spot pattern.
Behavior
The Bobcat is crepuscular. It keeps on the move from three hours before sunset until about midnight, and then again from before dawn until three hours after sunrise. Each night it will move from 2 to 7 miles (3.2 to 11 km) along its habitual route.[13] This behavior may vary seasonally, as Bobcats become more diurnal during fall and winter. This is a response to the activity of their prey, which are more active during the day in colder months.[12]
Social structure and home range
Bobcat activities are confined to well-defined territories,
which vary in size depending on gender and the distribution of prey.
The home range is marked with feces,
urine scent, and by clawing prominent trees in the area.
In its territory the Bobcat will have numerous places of shelter:
usually a main den, and several auxiliary shelters on the outer extent of its range,
such as hollow logs, brush piles, thickets,
or under rock ledges. Its den smells strongly of the Bobcat.
Hunting and diet
The Bobcat is able to go for long periods without food,
The Eastern Cottontail is a principal prey species of the Bobcat. Rabbits and hares, along with rodents, are taken most often by the cat.
but will eat heavily when prey is abundant. During lean periods,
it will often prey on larger animals that it can kill and return to feed on later.
The Bobcat hunts by stalking its prey and then ambushing it with a short chase or pounce.
Its preference is for mammals about 1.5 to 12.5 pounds (0.68 to 5.7 kg).
Its main prey varies by region. In the eastern United States
it is the Eastern Cottontail species,
and in the north it is the Snowshoe Hare. When these prey species exist together,
as in New England, they are the primary food sources of the Bobcat.
In the far south, the rabbits and hare are sometimes replaced by
Cotton Rats as the primary food source.
The Bobcat is an opportunistic predator that,
unlike the more specialized Canadian Lynx, will readily vary its prey selection
Research has shown that diet diversification positively
correlates to a decline in numbers of the Bobcat's principal prey;
the abundance of its main prey species is the main determinant of overall diet.
Reproduction and life cycle
Bobcats typically live to six or eight years of age,
with a few reaching beyond ten. The longest they have been known
to live is 16 years in the wild and 32 years in captivity.
Tracks
Bobcat tracks show four toes without claw marks, due to their retractable claws.
Bobcat tracks in mud. Note the hind print (top) partially covering the fore print (center).
The tracks can range in size from 1 to 3 inches (2.5 to 7.6 cm);
the average is about 1.8 inches (as seen in photograph at left).
When walking or trotting, the tracks are spaced roughly 8 to 18 inches (20 to 46 cm) apart.
The Bobcat can make great strides when running,
often from 4 to 8 feet (1.2 to 2.4 m).
Like all cats, the Bobcat directly registers,
meaning its hind prints usually fall exactly on top of its fore prints
(not seen in photograph). Bobcat tracks can be generally distinguished from feral
or house cat tracks by their larger size:
approximately 2 square inches (13 cm²) versus 1½ square inches (10 cm²).
Ecology
The adult Bobcat has few predators other than man,
Skull of a Bobcat
although it may be killed in interspecific conflict.
Cougars and Gray Wolves will kill adult Bobcats,
a behavior repeatedly observed in Yellowstone National Park.
Kittens may be taken by several predators including owls, eagles,
Coyotes, foxes, as well as other adult male Bobcats;
when prey populations are not abundant, fewer kittens are likely to reach adulthood.
Distribution and habitat
The Bobcat is an exceptionally adaptable animal.
A Bobcat in urban surroundings. The species' range does not seem to be limited by human populations, as long as it can still find a suitable habitat
It prefers woodlands—deciduous, coniferous, or mixed—but unlike
the other Lynx species it does not depend exclusively on the deep forest.
It ranges from the humid swamps of Florida to desert lands of Texas
or rugged mountain areas. It will make its home near agricultural areas,
if rocky ledges, swamps, or forested tracts are present,
its spotted coat serving as camouflage.
The population of the Bobcat depends primarily on the population of its prey;
other principal factors in the selection of habitat type include
protection from severe weather, availability of resting and den sites,
dense cover for hunting and escape, and freedom from disturbance.
Conservation
The Bobcat is listed in Appendix II of the
The Bobcat population has seen declines in the American Midwest, but is generally stable and healthy
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),
which means it is not considered threatened with extinction,
but that hunting and trading must be closely monitored.
The animal is regulated in all three of its range countries and
t is found in a number of protected areas of the United States,
its principal territory.Estimates from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
placed Bobcat numbers between 700,000 and 1,500,000 in the U.S. in 1988,
with increased range and population density suggesting
even greater numbers in subsequent years; for these reasons,
the U.S. has petitioned CITES to remove the cat from Appendix II.
Populations in Canada and Mexico remain stable and healthy.
The IUCN lists it as a species of "least concern",
noting that it is relatively widespread and abundant,
but that information from southern Mexico is poor.
In mythology
In Native American mythology bobcat is often twinned
with the figure of coyote in a theme of duality.
Lynx and coyote are associated with the wind and fog, respectively
two elements representing opposites in Amerindian folklore.
This basic story, in many variations, is found in the native cultures of North America
(with parallels in South America), but they diverge in the telling.
One version, which appears in the Nez Perce folklore for instance,
depicts Lynx and coyote as opposed, antithetical beings.
However, another version depicts them with equality and identicality
. Claude Lévi-Strauss argues that the former concept,
that of twins representing opposites, is an inherent theme in New World mythologies,
but that they are not equally balanced figures,
representing an open-ended dualism rather than the symmetric duality
of Old World cultures. The latter notion then, Lévi-Strauss suggests,
is the result of regular contact between Europeans and native cultures
Additionally, the version found in the Nez Perce story is of much greater complexity,
while the version of equality seems to have lost the tale's original meaning.
Zoos and Wildlife Breeding Centers of Pakistan
Zoos and Wildlife Breeding Centers of Pakistan In Pakistan, wildlife is treated as a provincial rather than a federal matter. There are four provinces, each having its own wildlife department headed by a minister. Wildlife habitats are under the jurisdiction of the forest departments of each province. There are six separate laws that pertain to wildlife, most of which date to the mid-1970s, with only one amendment in 1990. This legislation has no direct relationship with CITES, and when import or export takes place, the CITES certificate is issued by an agency of the federal Ministry of Environment, the National Council for Conservation of Wildlife. There is no separate zoo legislation as such. However, in order to start a zoo in, for example, Punjab Province, permission from the provincial wildlife
department is required, as is a license fee of 2,000 rupees per animal. There are penalties for keeping wild animals illegally, ranging from confiscation of the animals to substantial fines and imprisonment of up to six months.
Zoos may capture animals from the wild in Pakistan, but they may do so only for research purposes and only with special permission from the head of the wildlife department. There are no standards for exhibition of animals or inspections although there is animal welfare legislation. Pakistan does not have a specific Zoo Act or Policy nor any legislation about captive wild animals, but there is good legislation about wildlife in all the four provinces, that is, in Azad Kashmir, in Northern Areas and in Federal Territory of Islamabad. The basic outline of legislation is about the same with a few differences according to local conditions, especially inthe Rules framed under the Act called Punjab wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act 1974, and the Rules framed thereunder 1975 (Annexure-1).
Recently six major ungulate species viz., Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Hog deer (Axis porcinus), Axis deer (Axis axis), Chinkara (Gazella bennettii), Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), and Punjab Urial (Ovis orientalis punjabiensis) were shifted from Schedule III (Protected animals and birds) to Schedule II allowing their captive breeding in the Private Sector. Relevant notification and rules are also attached as Annexure –2.
Lahore Zoo is a semi-autonomous organization, so far being run following a constitution framed in 1969. With the changing circumstances, the Constitution has been revised and may be adopted shortly. A new Zoo is envisioned at Faisalabad for which a Constitution has been formulated. A Zoo in Punjab, Bahawalpur Zoo is a Government Organization, and all the Government Policies/ Administrative norms apply to it. A network of 22 Captive Breeding Centres has been established in the Punjab province. These are again Government Organizations and run on the pattern of Bahawalpur Zoo.
‘CITES’ as such has not been mentioned in the Punjab Wildlife Act but as signatories to the Convention, Pakistan follows the dictates. All the animals or animal products to be exported or imported have to obtain a licence from the National Council for the Conservation of Wildlife, an organization in the Federal Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development. While issuing such licences CITES Schedules are duly consulted.
Establishment of a ‘Zoo’ in the private sector is allowed in Sindh province only. Legislation is being framed in other provinces. Some animal collections are being maintained by interested individuals, institutions, without obtaining permission from the Department and these are usually ignored in the absence of a specific legislation.
There is no bar on starting a Zoo for anyone who fulfils the criteria, once it is allowed by the Government. Any one who applies for a Permit will get it on the payment of prescribed fee.
Applications have to be filed for obtaining permission to keep the animals in captivity. Penalties prescribed in legislation for illegal hunting or capturing of animals are/can be imposed. This information was taken from correspondence with the Office of the Director General, Wildlife & Parks, Punjab, Lahore.Pakistan has 14 zoos of which 10 are government and 4 are private, and about 22 wild animal breeding centers. The zoos are listed below with government zoos starred *.
Biodiversity in PakistanFlora/FaunaNumber of SpeciesIn WorldIn PakistanEndemicPlants25,000 to 75,000 species6,000 species 5,000 wild)372 speciesMammals18 orders10 ordersIndus
Chiltan
Pakistan Sand Cat.
Suleiman
Punjab
Baluchistan Bear.4,100 species188 species of which:63 rodents
39 carnivores
38 bats
25 hoofed animals
11 insectivores
9 aquatic animals,3 primates,1 pholidotaBirds8,600 species666 migratory & resident speciesReptiles6,500 species174 species of which :88 lizards
72 snakes10 turtles(2 marine, 8 freshwater)2 tortoises
1 crocodile1 GavialAmphibians16 speciesFishes2,600 species525 species of which:400 marine fish
125 freshwater species
Insects/ Invertebrates750,000 species20,000 species 700 marine
Animals in India
Black Buck Antelope in India
About Black Buck Antelope
Black Buck, common name for an antelope, mainly of India but with other small populations in Pakistan and Nepal. The black buck has ringed horns that have a moderate spiral twist of three to four turns and are up to 70 cm (28 in) long. The name black buck has also been applied to the sable antelope of Africa. The adult male stands about 80 cm (about 32 in) at the shoulder and weighs 32 to 43 kg (71 to 95 lb). The body's upper parts are black; the underparts and a ring around the eyes are white. The light-brown female is usually hornless. Males are dark brown. Black bucks frequent the open plains in herds. When the rut (mating season) reaches a peak, one male establishes dominance.
Habitat
It used to be found all over India except the northeast. Now it is seen in Panjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat and central India. It does not live in dense forest but in open plains. It is one of the fastest animals on earth and can out run any animal over long distances. Open plains, which allows it to move fast, are therefore needed to protect it from predatorsImportance of Black Buck
Biological importance
As other animal it is also a part of Nature and we need to conserve it for future generation. Black buck is one of 26 species of mammals, which have been declared endangered and protected by low in Nepal .
Genetic importance
Cross breeding and development of high breed for domestic use.
Economic importance
Each species has value and meaning. In present context Biodiversity richness is greater than monetary value.
Local importance
Tourist, researcher, animal lover may come to see this important animal and it will help the diffusion of local culture or production to the external national or international visitor.Tourism development and decentralization of tourist flow.
Threat for Black Buck in India
The main reason of population loss are:
• Poaching
• Predation
• Habitat destruction
• Overgrazing
• Diseases
• Inbreeding and
• VisitorsCranes
The Sarus crane is the world's tallest flying bird; a large male may stand six feet tall. There are three recognized subspecies of the sarus crane. The Indian sarus cranes live, as their name implies, predominately in Asia's subcontinent. In areas dominated by the Hindu religion, the Indian sarus suffers little persecution. They have, as a result, lost much of their fear of humans and often nest in rice paddies where they are regarded as omens for good crops, especially in India
Status
Despite cultural and religious protections, sarus cranes are vulnerable in most areas. Roughly 8,000 to 10,000 Indian sarus remain, though the population is declining due to the loss of wetlands and increasing amounts of pollution as the human population continues to grow. The greatest concentration of Indian sarus cranes occur where land use practices have changed little from traditional patterns. Some fear that the whole wetland food web on which sarus cranes depend may be under stress as pesticides and fertilizers become more widespread in the subcontinent's rural areas. Even in India's Keoladeo National Park, the number of sarus nests has decreased since the early 1980s.Individual and Social Behavior
Cranes pursue small prey, and sometimes each other, by running. A running crane takes one to three steps per second and may use its wings for balance and to gain speed. While a running crane looks awkward, they can easily outrun humans. Cranes do not have webbed feet, but they can swim, although adult birds usually avoid deeper water unless necessary. Chicks are good swimmers and may leave the nest to follow the parents through the wetlands, sometimes within a few hours of hatching- Feeding
Feeding is one of a cranes' most time-consuming activities. Cranes spend most of the daylight hours in areas where food is most abundant. Cranes forage for roots and the starchy swellings found on the roots of certain plants called tubers. They also eat seeds, small mammals and reptiles, eggs of other birds, and invertebrates, such as worms, clams, insects, and crayfish. -
Cranes have both formal and informal protections around the world. Informal protections may include religious or cultural protections. Formal protections include state or local laws against the direct taking of individuals, and may, or may not, include protections for habitat. Laws against direct taking are often poorly enforced. In North America, hunting of cranes is regulated by state, provincial and international treaty.
Indian Elephant
The Asian elephant is one of the largest land mammals on Earth. The trunk of the Asian elephant has two finger-like structures at its tip that allow the animal to perform both delicate and powerful movements. Elephants have long, coarse hairs sparsely covering their body. Their skin is brown to dark gray. They have been very important to Asian culture for thousands of years - they have been domesticated and are used for transportation and to move heavy objects.
Behavior of Indian Elephants
Elephants live in a matriarchal family group of related females called a herd. They are led by the oldest and often largest female in the herd. Herds consist of eight to 100 individuals. Males may be associated with a herd, solitary or may live temporarily with other males. Elephants produce a variety of sounds including low
frequency calls, high pitched calls and loud trumpeting
Food of Indian Elephants
Asian elephants eat grass, bark, roots and leaves. They also like crops such as banana grown by farmers, making them a pest in agricultural areas. Adult elephants eat about 330 pounds of food a day. They must drink water every day and are never far from a water source.
Asian elephants stand eight to ten feet tall at the shoulder. Females weigh about 6,000 pounds and males can weigh up to 11,900 pounds!
Threat For Elephants
The elephant population is vulnerable to unscrupulous poachers due to their precious ivory tusks. Elephant tusks can weigh up to 22 kg a pair. Elephants feed on barks, roots, fruit and grasses. The elephant population is now part of the Elephant Project, a nation wide conservation effort to protect these lumbering beasts from extinction. Manas, Corbett, Dalma and Palamu, Bandipur and Nagarhole, Periyar and Madumalai are the best places to watch the Indian Elephant in its natural habitat.
The dromedary camel is characterized by a long-curved neck, deep-narrow chest, and a single hump. Hair length is longer on the throat, shoulder, and hump. The size of the hump varies with the nutritional status of the camel, becoming smaller to non-existent during times of starvation.
Camel in India
Facts
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Family: | Camelidae |
| Genus: | Camelus |
| Species: | Dromedarius |
Description
The dromedary camel is characterized by a long-curved neck, deep-narrow chest, and a single hump. Hair length is longer on the throat, shoulder, and hump. The size of the hump varies with the nutritional status of the camel, becoming smaller to non-existent during times of starvation.
Average Statistics
Lifespan 40-50 yrs
Geographic Range Africa, the Middle East, & Africa.
Diet
The dromedary camel is a herbivore, eating primarily thorny plants and dry grasses.
Social Habbits
Dromedaries usually form groups of 2-20 individuals. The group, or family, consists of one male, and one to several females, subadults, and young. The male is the dominant member of the family group and directs the family from the rear while the females take turns leading. Dromedaries tend to travel by walking single file.
Offspring
Camels typically have 1 offspring at a time, after a gestation period of 15 months. Young are raised for a period of 2 years, before reaching adulthood. Camels reach secual maturity and begin mating at approximately 4-5 years of age.
Relationship with Humans
The dromedary camel is used as a beast of burden by humans and also provides humans with milk, meat, wool, leather, and fuel from dried manure. Through these services, the dromedary camel has enabled humans to inhabit the seemingly inhabitable desert.
Indian Peacock
About
The male Indian Peafowl, commonly known as the peacock, is one of the most recognizable birds in the world. These large, brightly colored birds have a distinctive crest and an unmistakable ornamental train. The train (1.4-1.6 meters in length) accounts for more than 60% of their total body length (2.3 meters). Combined with a large wingspan (1.4-1.6 meters), this train makes the male peafowl one of the largest flying birds in the world. The train is formed by 100-150 highly specialized uppertail-coverts. Each of these feathers sports an ornamental ocellus, or eye-spot, and has long disintegrated barbs, giving the feathers a loose, fluffy appearance. When displaying to a female, the peacock erects this train into a spectacular fan, displaying the ocelli to their best advantage.
National Insignia
The Indian peacock,Pavo cristatus (Linnaeus), the national bird of India, is a colourful, swan-sized bird, with a fan-shaped crest of feathers, a white patch under the eye and a long, slender neck.
Distribution and Habitat
The Indian Peafowl occurs from eastern Pakistan through India, south from the Himalayas to Sri Lanka. Though once common in Bangladesh, it may now be extinct in that country. Its highly ornamental appearance motivated early seafarers to transplant the peafowl to their homelands in other parts of the western world. Phoenician traders in the time of King Solomon (1000 B.C.) introduced the birds to present-day Syria and the Egyptian Pharaohs.
Diet
Indian Peafowl do most of their foraging in the early morning and shortly before sunset. They retreat to the shade and security of the forest for the hottest portion of the day. Foods include grains, insects, small reptiles, small mammals, berries, drupes, wild figs, and some cultivated crops.
The great beauty and popularity of the Indian Peafowl has guaranteed its protection throughout most of its native and introduced ranges. It is the national bird of India. The peafowl is prominent in the mythology and folklore of the Indian people. The Hindus consider the bird to be sacred because the god Kartikeya (son of the Lord Shiva and Parvati and brother to the god Ganesh) rides on its back. Legends hold that the peafowl can charm snakes and addle their eggs.
COBRA IN INDIA
Facts
| Class: | Reptiles |
| Diet: | Small mammals, reptiles, amphibians |
| Size: | Body:1.8 - 2.2 m (6 - 7 1/4 ft) |
| Scientific Name: | Naja naja |
| Habitat: | Rainforest, Rice fields, Cultivated land |
| Range: | India, Central Asia, Southeast Asia |
The Indian Cobra is known around the world as highly venomous snake that feeds on rodents, lizards, and frogs. As well as biting, the Indian cobra can attack or defend itself from a distance by "spitting" venom, which, if it enters the opponent's eyes, causes severe pain and damage. The snake actually forces the venom through its fangs, by exerting muscular pressure on the venom glands, so that it sprays out in twin jets for 2 m (6 1/2 ft) or more.
Behaviour of Indian Cobra
When threatened, the Indian Cobra will assume its characteristic posture. It will raise the front one-third of its body and elongate its long, flexible neck ribs and loose skin to form its distinctive hood, on which are resembled eyes. .
Status of Cobra in India
Although the Indian Cobra is not an endangered species, it has recently been hunted for its distinctive hood markings in the production of handbags. It is listed under the treaty because it closely resembles other species that are threatened and in need of protection.
The Indian Cobra's most known characteristic features are the wide black band on the underside of the neck, and the hood marking design which shows half-rings on either side of the hood. It is a smooth-scaled snake with black eyes, a wide neck and head, and a medium-sized body. Its colouring varies from black, to dark brown, to a creamy white. The body is usually covered with a spectacled white or yellow pattern, which sometimes forms ragged bands. The Indian cobra may grow from 1.8m to 2.2m.
Most Poisonous - The King Cobra or Hamadryad
The King Cobra or Hamadryad, is the largest of all poisonous snakes. This sometimes 5 meter long, lethal creature is entirely a snake eater. It enjoys Pythons, other Cobras, and even its own species. The King is aggressive, unpredictable, and can strike without provocation. It is most intelligent. When erect it can stand up to 2 meters in height. In certain fertility rites in Burma, a woman desirous of offspring is required not only to approach the King Cobra but to plant a kiss on its mouth. If she is successful in doing so she will bear many children; if she fails, obviously none.
Positive
The Indian Cobra eats rats and mice that carry disease and eat human food. Also, cobra venom is a potential source of medicines, including anti-cancer drugs and pain-killers.
Negative
This species is highly venomous, and its bite can be lethal. Because it hunts rodents that live around people, it is often encountered by accident, and many people die each year from N. naja bites
The Festival of the Serpents
Nagapanchami or the Serpent Festival occurs in India generally in August after the monsoon rains. It is then that the full impact of Cobra power is manifest. Throughout the country Cobras are either brought into the villages and fed, or effigies of the snake are anointed and worshipped. Rarely has it ever been recorded that a fatality has occurred from snakebite during this occasion; the Cobras appear to sense they are being revered.
Snake Charming
Snake charming is fascinating and at times mystifying. The eyes of the Cobra are hauntingly black and hypnotic; the snake is beautiful to watch when it is being worked by a skilled charmer. The hood is then spread and the markings apparent. The colours of the hood merge from black to brown to beige and, when framed against the sunlight, it appears almost translucent. No visit to India is complete without experiencing it
Geographic Range
Palearctic, Oriental: Pakistan, India (throughout most of the country),
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, possibly E. Afghanistan.
Palearctic, Oriental: Pakistan, India (throughout most of the country),
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, possibly E. Afghanistan.
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the map to access each park's information
